Quotes about Albanians
"The Albanians have been born to resist and disobey."
- Dursam Bey, during the second siege of Kruja
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"They are Nietzsche's over-men, these primitive Albanians — something between kings and tigers."
- Henry Noel Brailsford
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"The men who marched to Babylon , Persia and India were the ancestors of the Albanians..."
- Wadham Peac**k
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..... Anon from the castle walls
The crescent banner falls,
And the crowd beholds instead,
Like a portent in the sky,
Iskander's banner fly,
The Black Eagle with double head.
And shouts ascend on high
.....'' Long live Scanderbeg.
- Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
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"In the list of heroes, John Hunyadi and Scanderbeg are commonly associated and entitled to our notice since their occupation of arms delayed the ruin of the Greek (Byzantine) Empire. ..... The Albanian prince may justly be praised as a firm and able champion of his national independence. The enthusiasm of chivalry and religion has ranked him with the names of Alexander the Great and Pyrrhus. .....''
- Historian Edmond Gibbon in his Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
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"Scanderbeg exceeds all the officers, ancient and modern, in the conduct of a defensive army. I met him in Turkish history but nowhere else.''
- Major General James Wolfe, commander of the English army at the siege of Quebec, Canada, writting to Lord Sydney
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"The Gueghes are thickset and muscular, the Toskes slender and agile, both strong, vigorous, and perhaps the finest race in Europe."
"The characteristics common to both people are love of independence, love of war, a revengual spirit, mering into ferocity."
"They are wild, plundering, indefatigable soldiers, selling their services and their blood to those who pay them highest; but lively, gay, adventurous, sober, generous and heroic so soon as it concerns the defence of their country, their tribe, or their family."
"They are an iron race, as hard as the rocks they inhabit."
- Lord Byron talking about Albanians
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"When spring comes, we will manure the plains of Kosova with the bones of Serbs, for we, Albanians, have suffered too much to forget."
- Isa Boletini, leaving the Ambassadors Conference in London, 1913
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"The Arnaouts, or Albanese, struck me forcibly by their resemblance to the Highlanders of Scotland, in dress, figure and manner of language."
- Lord Byron
Saturday, June 7, 2008
The Belgrade-Baghdad Axis
The Belgrade-Baghdad Axis
Serbia is the hub for East European arms smugglers and military experts who have been supplying Saddam Hussein with crucial equipment and know-how to help him frustrate a US air campaign against Iraq.
Senior Western officials and regional analysts say that Serbia is the centre of the illicit trade which involves at least seven countries in the Balkans and former Soviet Eastern Europe.
The trade has been going on for some time, and has even increased since the toppling of Slobodan Milošević, a Saddam ally, in 2000.
An investigation by the International Crisis Group
think-tank into the arms-for-Iraq scam concludes that Jugoimport (Ex-Yugoslavia’s state-owned arms export company) the Belgrade-based FRY state arms export agency accused by the US on 2002, also brokered arms to Iraq from Bosnia, Ukraine, Russia, FYROM (Macedonia) and Belarus’.
Despite claims by senior Serbian officials, including President Vojislav Koštunica, that they knew nothing of the trade, documents seen by The Guardian show that the Koštunica administration was warned in January 2002 by its foreign ministry of the damage being done by its trading with Iraq.
The Koštunica cabinet then voted to continue with the clandestine deals.
‘According to diplomatic sources, the pace of arms sales to Iraq may have increased during 2002’ concludes the ICG report.
A senior Western official told the Guardian: “Just about every defence company in [ Serbia] sold to Iraq via Syria or via third countries.”
On 2002, acting on a tip-off from US intelligence, the Croatian authorities seized 14 steel containers from the freighter Boka Star. Inside the barrels and crates labelled ‘active carbon’ and ‘filter inserts for water purification’ were some 208 tonnes of nitrocellulose propellant and nitroglycerine, compounds that could be used for Iraq's dwindling arsenal of Scud missiles.
‘This material has a wide range of uses in military industry, primarily as fuel for artillery and rockets,’ says Dejan Sakić, a Croatian investigator with the Boka Star case. The rocket fuel cargo originated from the Prva Iskra munitions plant outside Belgrade, claim investigators, and was bound for Iraq via Syria from the Montenegrin port of Bar.
A team of US investigators arrived in Serbia to inspect suspect defence plants. They scoured the Sloboda munitions plant in Čačak, southern Serbia, a town which, according to the ICG, has been offering a ‘cash-and-carry’ service for Iraqi arms buyers.
Under Western pressure, recently Belgrade “has shut” the Baghdad office of Jugoimport (Ex-Yugoslavia’s state-owned arms export company), the pivot of the Balkan arms trade and dubbed a ‘state-within-a-state’ in FRY But key figures remain in place, including Borisa Vuković, a former Serbian foreign trade minister who fled to Baghdad in October 2000 when Mr Milošević was ousted. He is seen as the middleman and is said to be a close friend of President Saddam's son Uday.
The ICG investigation also claims that allies of Mr Koštunica visited Baghdad on 2002 year for a conference devoted to attacking US policy in the Balkans and the Middle East.
The document, obtained by the ICG and seen by The Guardian, said Serbia had more than £380m worth of military contracts with states embargoed by the UN!!
Serbia had gain more than £75m worth of business with Iraq!!
Serb military experts have been helping Baghdad upgrade aircraft, supplying rocket fuel for Iraqi Scud missiles, and transferring technology for guidance systems.
The co-operation with Iraq have included television guidance systems for the SA2 and SA6 surface-to-air missiles, used against Nato aircraft in the Balkans.
The illegal arms trade was exposed when Nato troops stormed the offices of the Orao (Eagle) company, a Bosnian-Serb jet engine plant in Bijeljina. Among the documents seized was a letter from the Baghdad office of Jugoimport (Ex-Yugoslavia’s state-owned arms export company), regarding a £6 million deal for the overhaul of Iraqi MiG21 and MiG23 jet fighters by Serb technicians.
The documents also instructed the Iraqis on how to conceal the shipments from inspectors.
At least 2 senior University of Belgrade professors have admitted instructing Iraq on missile guidance systems.
Djordje Blagojevic, who teaches aerodynamics, told Blic newspaper that he taught in Baghdad. Another professor said that the department was working on the development of a cruise missile with a 900-mile range.
Another fact is that among the students in Belgrade are 30 Libyans scientists.
Infact Serbia had gain more than £65m worth with Libya!
Serb experts had help Colonel Gaddafi, of Libya, to acquire a missile capable of hitting Israel in contravention of an international agreement banning the proliferation of missile technology. In a confidential complaint sent to senior Serbian officials on 2002, it has evidence that 3 Serbian firms have helped Libya develop a 900km-range cruise missile able to carry a 1,100-lbs. payload.
Jack Straw, the Foreign Secretary, flies to Belgrade to demand that President Kostunica stamp out an illegal arms trade that has supplied sophisticated weapons not only to Iraq and Libya, but also to Liberia and possibly Burma.
US diplomats in the Balkans say a string of defence plants in Serbia, Bosnia, and Montenegro have supplied Baghdad with, among other weapons, armour-piercing missiles, rockets, anti-tank ammunition, tank engines, various explosives, chemical stabilisers, and grenade launchers, as well as missile fuel, MiG aircraft engines, spare parts and expert advice on how to configure air defences against the US.
‘This shows the urgency of Serbia taking steps to stop exports of any kind of arms or technology that could be used in any way for terrorist activities, or that could be used by these countries to manufacture weapons of mass destruction,’ the ICG warned.
The FRY cabinet discussed the matter in January 2002 but voted to continue trading, the ICG reports.
If the arms conduits to Baghdad are operating frequently with the blessing of Balkan and East European governments, Western officials say that the problem is much greater than we can imagine.
Source:
Daniel Simpson, "Belgrade Accused of Involvement in Arms Sales to Baghdad," New York Times, 31 October 2002;
"Yugoslavia: Firms Helped Libya Acquire Cruise Missiles" Global Security Newswire, Nuclear Threat Initiative, 31 October 2002.;
The Guardian (London) by Ian Traynor and Nicholas Wood
A Mafia Group of Ethnic Serbian Supremacists with ties to the Radical Orthodox Extremists dealing drugs and weapons of all kind with the Radical Islamist Mujahedeens!!!
Isn't it funny how “different” people view the same things not so differently?
Those who advocated democracy in Serbia overlooked its one fatal flaw. Just as there is no such thing as individual freedom within a democratic country, there is no such thing as sovereignty! As the Nazy Serbian State has power over serbian individuals, so does the Empire over its vassals. Serbs can only be willing servants of the current Serbian Regime like they were with its predecessor !
Serbia is not an Democratic Country but is an Nazy State Regime based and developed only and exclusively in war conflicts!!
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
--> 30 April 1999, Volume 2, Number 17 BAGHDAD-BELGRADE-MOSCOW COOPERATION
http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/library/news/iraq/1999/17-300499.html
--> 25 April 1999, Volume 2, Number 16 YUGOSLAV CHEMICAL WEAPONS: THE IRAQI CONNECTION. http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/library/news/iraq/1999/16-250499.html
Serbia is the hub for East European arms smugglers and military experts who have been supplying Saddam Hussein with crucial equipment and know-how to help him frustrate a US air campaign against Iraq.
Senior Western officials and regional analysts say that Serbia is the centre of the illicit trade which involves at least seven countries in the Balkans and former Soviet Eastern Europe.
The trade has been going on for some time, and has even increased since the toppling of Slobodan Milošević, a Saddam ally, in 2000.
An investigation by the International Crisis Group
think-tank into the arms-for-Iraq scam concludes that Jugoimport (Ex-Yugoslavia’s state-owned arms export company) the Belgrade-based FRY state arms export agency accused by the US on 2002, also brokered arms to Iraq from Bosnia, Ukraine, Russia, FYROM (Macedonia) and Belarus’.
Despite claims by senior Serbian officials, including President Vojislav Koštunica, that they knew nothing of the trade, documents seen by The Guardian show that the Koštunica administration was warned in January 2002 by its foreign ministry of the damage being done by its trading with Iraq.
The Koštunica cabinet then voted to continue with the clandestine deals.
‘According to diplomatic sources, the pace of arms sales to Iraq may have increased during 2002’ concludes the ICG report.
A senior Western official told the Guardian: “Just about every defence company in [ Serbia] sold to Iraq via Syria or via third countries.”
On 2002, acting on a tip-off from US intelligence, the Croatian authorities seized 14 steel containers from the freighter Boka Star. Inside the barrels and crates labelled ‘active carbon’ and ‘filter inserts for water purification’ were some 208 tonnes of nitrocellulose propellant and nitroglycerine, compounds that could be used for Iraq's dwindling arsenal of Scud missiles.
‘This material has a wide range of uses in military industry, primarily as fuel for artillery and rockets,’ says Dejan Sakić, a Croatian investigator with the Boka Star case. The rocket fuel cargo originated from the Prva Iskra munitions plant outside Belgrade, claim investigators, and was bound for Iraq via Syria from the Montenegrin port of Bar.
A team of US investigators arrived in Serbia to inspect suspect defence plants. They scoured the Sloboda munitions plant in Čačak, southern Serbia, a town which, according to the ICG, has been offering a ‘cash-and-carry’ service for Iraqi arms buyers.
Under Western pressure, recently Belgrade “has shut” the Baghdad office of Jugoimport (Ex-Yugoslavia’s state-owned arms export company), the pivot of the Balkan arms trade and dubbed a ‘state-within-a-state’ in FRY But key figures remain in place, including Borisa Vuković, a former Serbian foreign trade minister who fled to Baghdad in October 2000 when Mr Milošević was ousted. He is seen as the middleman and is said to be a close friend of President Saddam's son Uday.
The ICG investigation also claims that allies of Mr Koštunica visited Baghdad on 2002 year for a conference devoted to attacking US policy in the Balkans and the Middle East.
The document, obtained by the ICG and seen by The Guardian, said Serbia had more than £380m worth of military contracts with states embargoed by the UN!!
Serbia had gain more than £75m worth of business with Iraq!!
Serb military experts have been helping Baghdad upgrade aircraft, supplying rocket fuel for Iraqi Scud missiles, and transferring technology for guidance systems.
The co-operation with Iraq have included television guidance systems for the SA2 and SA6 surface-to-air missiles, used against Nato aircraft in the Balkans.
The illegal arms trade was exposed when Nato troops stormed the offices of the Orao (Eagle) company, a Bosnian-Serb jet engine plant in Bijeljina. Among the documents seized was a letter from the Baghdad office of Jugoimport (Ex-Yugoslavia’s state-owned arms export company), regarding a £6 million deal for the overhaul of Iraqi MiG21 and MiG23 jet fighters by Serb technicians.
The documents also instructed the Iraqis on how to conceal the shipments from inspectors.
At least 2 senior University of Belgrade professors have admitted instructing Iraq on missile guidance systems.
Djordje Blagojevic, who teaches aerodynamics, told Blic newspaper that he taught in Baghdad. Another professor said that the department was working on the development of a cruise missile with a 900-mile range.
Another fact is that among the students in Belgrade are 30 Libyans scientists.
Infact Serbia had gain more than £65m worth with Libya!
Serb experts had help Colonel Gaddafi, of Libya, to acquire a missile capable of hitting Israel in contravention of an international agreement banning the proliferation of missile technology. In a confidential complaint sent to senior Serbian officials on 2002, it has evidence that 3 Serbian firms have helped Libya develop a 900km-range cruise missile able to carry a 1,100-lbs. payload.
Jack Straw, the Foreign Secretary, flies to Belgrade to demand that President Kostunica stamp out an illegal arms trade that has supplied sophisticated weapons not only to Iraq and Libya, but also to Liberia and possibly Burma.
US diplomats in the Balkans say a string of defence plants in Serbia, Bosnia, and Montenegro have supplied Baghdad with, among other weapons, armour-piercing missiles, rockets, anti-tank ammunition, tank engines, various explosives, chemical stabilisers, and grenade launchers, as well as missile fuel, MiG aircraft engines, spare parts and expert advice on how to configure air defences against the US.
‘This shows the urgency of Serbia taking steps to stop exports of any kind of arms or technology that could be used in any way for terrorist activities, or that could be used by these countries to manufacture weapons of mass destruction,’ the ICG warned.
The FRY cabinet discussed the matter in January 2002 but voted to continue trading, the ICG reports.
If the arms conduits to Baghdad are operating frequently with the blessing of Balkan and East European governments, Western officials say that the problem is much greater than we can imagine.
Source:
Daniel Simpson, "Belgrade Accused of Involvement in Arms Sales to Baghdad," New York Times, 31 October 2002;
"Yugoslavia: Firms Helped Libya Acquire Cruise Missiles" Global Security Newswire, Nuclear Threat Initiative, 31 October 2002.;
The Guardian (London) by Ian Traynor and Nicholas Wood
A Mafia Group of Ethnic Serbian Supremacists with ties to the Radical Orthodox Extremists dealing drugs and weapons of all kind with the Radical Islamist Mujahedeens!!!
Isn't it funny how “different” people view the same things not so differently?
Those who advocated democracy in Serbia overlooked its one fatal flaw. Just as there is no such thing as individual freedom within a democratic country, there is no such thing as sovereignty! As the Nazy Serbian State has power over serbian individuals, so does the Empire over its vassals. Serbs can only be willing servants of the current Serbian Regime like they were with its predecessor !
Serbia is not an Democratic Country but is an Nazy State Regime based and developed only and exclusively in war conflicts!!
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
--> 30 April 1999, Volume 2, Number 17 BAGHDAD-BELGRADE-MOSCOW COOPERATION
http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/library/news/iraq/1999/17-300499.html
--> 25 April 1999, Volume 2, Number 16 YUGOSLAV CHEMICAL WEAPONS: THE IRAQI CONNECTION. http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/library/news/iraq/1999/16-250499.html
Thursday, June 5, 2008
SERBIAN VASSALAGE AND COOPERATION WITH TURKS
SERBIAN VASSALAGE AND COOPERATION WITH TURKS
King Milutin in 1305 employees Turks against Byzantium (Oikonomides ‘Turks in Europe’ 159-62)
Marko Krajlevic and Konstantin Dejanovic take part on the Turkish side in Kosovo battle in 1389 (Decei ‘Istoria Imperiului’ 54- Vladimir Corovic ‘Boj na Kosovu’ 191)
Nov 10, 1444,Djurdadj Brankovic,contributed to disastrous defit of Christian alliance by informin sultan Murad and barring the road by which Scanderbeg had intended to traverse Serbia to join Christian forces at Varna (Cambridge Medieval History 4, 572-73.
He does the same 4 years later against Hunyadi (M. Kostic ‘Opis Vojske’ 90)
Milica accepts Turkish vassalage to get help against Hungarian King Sigismund in 1390 with the blessing of the Orthodox Church.(N. Pavlovic ‘Despot Stefan’ 47-8)
Olivera marries sultan Bayezit in a formal and honorific wedding (Gibbons “Foundations’ 183)
Stefan Lazarevic joins Turkish army in 1393 against prince of Wallachia (N. Malcolm ‘Kosovo a short history’ 82)
Sept 25, 1396, Stefan Lazarevic a crucial factor at Turkish victory in Nicopolis, over an Europian alliance (Cambridge Medieval History 4, 561) he could have chosen to sit aside and claim neutrality, like the Bulgarians, but he hated Hungarians and chose fidelity to his Muslim overloard (Tuchman ‘A distant mirror’ 560)
Oct 17, 1448 Turkish clash with Christian armies in Kosovo again… Serbs didn’t participate, instead they lurked in the mountain passess.. ready to fall upon and plunder the fugitives (Ibid. 573)
1455, Christain spahis from Vuk Brankovic’s vilayet and martologues join the Turkish army (Inalcik ‘Od Stefana Dusana’)
On Serb vassalage see historian Leopold Ranke ‘History of Servia’ 84.
ORTHODOX VS. CATHOLIC UNDER OTTOMAN EMPIRE
Second half of XVI century rebuilding of churches and monasteries in the area of Patriarch of Pec (Zirojevic ‘Crkve’ 27-31- Triton ‘Caliphs’ 37-60)
1557,Serbian Orthodox Church was in fact enjoying a particularly favored position at this time (N.Malcolm ‘Kosovo a short history’ 109)
1571, Catholics in Kosovo suffered harsh treatment (Giannelli ‘Documenti inediti’ 101-2)
Catholic church was poor and was frequently under pressure not only from the Ottomans but also from the Orthodox Church, which tried to force catholics to pay it ecclesiastical dues. Patriarch Makarije had obtained an imperial firman (decree) that all Christian in his territory must pay their church taxes to him (Lamansky ‘Secret d’etat’ Appendix 064)
Monks of Pec were all related to beys and sancakbeyis (Hadrovics ‘L’eglise serbe’ 50)
Catholic priests complained that they were more oppressed by Orthodox than Muslims (Cordignano ‘Geografica ecclesiastica’ 233)
1791 Archbishop Mazarek reports he was taunted by proud Orthodox and schismatic people in Prizren, who asked if he arrived accompained by an honorary Janissary Guard, as their Patriarch did (ASCPF SOCG 895, fo 71r)
June 15, 1910, sultan Mehmet V was welcomed by Serbian Orthodox Seminary, serenading him with Turkish songs, vice-consul Rakic gathered a large contingent of serbs, while Albanians boycotted the event (Rakic ‘Konzulska pisma’ 245-50)
SERBIAN ANTI-ALBANIAN POLICY, AND ETHNIC CLEANSING
Prince Milos had taken special trouble to expel Muslim Albanians from his territory (Pavlovitch ‘Society in Serbia’ 144)
Serbian state policy to create an ethnically clean territory expelling Albanians from Vranje (Hadzi-Vasiljevic ‘Arbanska liga’ 12-13)
1910, Isa Boletini and Idriz Seferi tried to halt westward advance of Ottoman troops, but they were outflanked by the army (which had been given the assistance of local Serbs and school teachers to guide them through mountains (N.Malcolm ‘Kosovo a short history’ 241)
Serbian policy was directed quite actively against the Albanians, to the point of giving direct support to the Young Turk regime (N.Malcolm ‘Kosovo a short history’ 243)
1910, Orthodox Metropol of Skopje signed a decree for the suppression of this alien script, joining Young Turks campaign against use of Albanian latin alphabet (N.Malcolm ‘Kosovo a short history’ 243)
PM Pasic told Times in Nov 1913: It’s essential that Serbia should possess about 50KM from Lissus to Durrazzo (N.Malcolm ‘Kosovo a short history’ 255)
OTHER ISSUES
British politician Aubrey Herbert wrote: Like Samson in the temple of Gaza, the Albanians pulled down the columns of Ottoman Empire upon their own head. It was Albanians, not Serbs, Greeks, Bulgarians who defeated the Ottoman Empire (Swire ‘Albania’ 124-5)
They gave the right of their schools to Serbs but the ottomans continued to deny it to Albanians (Spuler ‘ Minderheitenschulen’ 51,59)
XV-XVI centuries. There were many cases of peasants migrating from unconquered regions to settle in Ottoman territory. Ottomans taken more care of peasants than its Serbian predecessors (N.Malcolm ‘Kosovo a short history’ 101)
Albanian guardians of church buildings and monasteries Pec, Decani, Devic (Zirojevic ‘Crkve’ 36)
SERBIAN ATROCITIES AGAINST ALBANIAN CIVILIANS
1913 Durham ‘Frontiers’ 643
Trotsky ‘Balkan Wars’ 120, 286
Leo Freundlich ‘Albania’s Gogotha’
King Milutin in 1305 employees Turks against Byzantium (Oikonomides ‘Turks in Europe’ 159-62)
Marko Krajlevic and Konstantin Dejanovic take part on the Turkish side in Kosovo battle in 1389 (Decei ‘Istoria Imperiului’ 54- Vladimir Corovic ‘Boj na Kosovu’ 191)
Nov 10, 1444,Djurdadj Brankovic,contributed to disastrous defit of Christian alliance by informin sultan Murad and barring the road by which Scanderbeg had intended to traverse Serbia to join Christian forces at Varna (Cambridge Medieval History 4, 572-73.
He does the same 4 years later against Hunyadi (M. Kostic ‘Opis Vojske’ 90)
Milica accepts Turkish vassalage to get help against Hungarian King Sigismund in 1390 with the blessing of the Orthodox Church.(N. Pavlovic ‘Despot Stefan’ 47-8)
Olivera marries sultan Bayezit in a formal and honorific wedding (Gibbons “Foundations’ 183)
Stefan Lazarevic joins Turkish army in 1393 against prince of Wallachia (N. Malcolm ‘Kosovo a short history’ 82)
Sept 25, 1396, Stefan Lazarevic a crucial factor at Turkish victory in Nicopolis, over an Europian alliance (Cambridge Medieval History 4, 561) he could have chosen to sit aside and claim neutrality, like the Bulgarians, but he hated Hungarians and chose fidelity to his Muslim overloard (Tuchman ‘A distant mirror’ 560)
Oct 17, 1448 Turkish clash with Christian armies in Kosovo again… Serbs didn’t participate, instead they lurked in the mountain passess.. ready to fall upon and plunder the fugitives (Ibid. 573)
1455, Christain spahis from Vuk Brankovic’s vilayet and martologues join the Turkish army (Inalcik ‘Od Stefana Dusana’)
On Serb vassalage see historian Leopold Ranke ‘History of Servia’ 84.
ORTHODOX VS. CATHOLIC UNDER OTTOMAN EMPIRE
Second half of XVI century rebuilding of churches and monasteries in the area of Patriarch of Pec (Zirojevic ‘Crkve’ 27-31- Triton ‘Caliphs’ 37-60)
1557,Serbian Orthodox Church was in fact enjoying a particularly favored position at this time (N.Malcolm ‘Kosovo a short history’ 109)
1571, Catholics in Kosovo suffered harsh treatment (Giannelli ‘Documenti inediti’ 101-2)
Catholic church was poor and was frequently under pressure not only from the Ottomans but also from the Orthodox Church, which tried to force catholics to pay it ecclesiastical dues. Patriarch Makarije had obtained an imperial firman (decree) that all Christian in his territory must pay their church taxes to him (Lamansky ‘Secret d’etat’ Appendix 064)
Monks of Pec were all related to beys and sancakbeyis (Hadrovics ‘L’eglise serbe’ 50)
Catholic priests complained that they were more oppressed by Orthodox than Muslims (Cordignano ‘Geografica ecclesiastica’ 233)
1791 Archbishop Mazarek reports he was taunted by proud Orthodox and schismatic people in Prizren, who asked if he arrived accompained by an honorary Janissary Guard, as their Patriarch did (ASCPF SOCG 895, fo 71r)
June 15, 1910, sultan Mehmet V was welcomed by Serbian Orthodox Seminary, serenading him with Turkish songs, vice-consul Rakic gathered a large contingent of serbs, while Albanians boycotted the event (Rakic ‘Konzulska pisma’ 245-50)
SERBIAN ANTI-ALBANIAN POLICY, AND ETHNIC CLEANSING
Prince Milos had taken special trouble to expel Muslim Albanians from his territory (Pavlovitch ‘Society in Serbia’ 144)
Serbian state policy to create an ethnically clean territory expelling Albanians from Vranje (Hadzi-Vasiljevic ‘Arbanska liga’ 12-13)
1910, Isa Boletini and Idriz Seferi tried to halt westward advance of Ottoman troops, but they were outflanked by the army (which had been given the assistance of local Serbs and school teachers to guide them through mountains (N.Malcolm ‘Kosovo a short history’ 241)
Serbian policy was directed quite actively against the Albanians, to the point of giving direct support to the Young Turk regime (N.Malcolm ‘Kosovo a short history’ 243)
1910, Orthodox Metropol of Skopje signed a decree for the suppression of this alien script, joining Young Turks campaign against use of Albanian latin alphabet (N.Malcolm ‘Kosovo a short history’ 243)
PM Pasic told Times in Nov 1913: It’s essential that Serbia should possess about 50KM from Lissus to Durrazzo (N.Malcolm ‘Kosovo a short history’ 255)
OTHER ISSUES
British politician Aubrey Herbert wrote: Like Samson in the temple of Gaza, the Albanians pulled down the columns of Ottoman Empire upon their own head. It was Albanians, not Serbs, Greeks, Bulgarians who defeated the Ottoman Empire (Swire ‘Albania’ 124-5)
They gave the right of their schools to Serbs but the ottomans continued to deny it to Albanians (Spuler ‘ Minderheitenschulen’ 51,59)
XV-XVI centuries. There were many cases of peasants migrating from unconquered regions to settle in Ottoman territory. Ottomans taken more care of peasants than its Serbian predecessors (N.Malcolm ‘Kosovo a short history’ 101)
Albanian guardians of church buildings and monasteries Pec, Decani, Devic (Zirojevic ‘Crkve’ 36)
SERBIAN ATROCITIES AGAINST ALBANIAN CIVILIANS
1913 Durham ‘Frontiers’ 643
Trotsky ‘Balkan Wars’ 120, 286
Leo Freundlich ‘Albania’s Gogotha’
Sunday, June 1, 2008
On the origin of Mongoloid component in the mitochondrial gene pool of Slavs
In this post are showing some recent genetic (DNA) researches done in different Slavic populations by different Slavic geneticists, to find the true ancestry of Slavic people! So before than some mongol serb call Albanians WRONGLY “not native” iis better for them to do their DNA EXAMINATION, to face the truth of facts and to be proud for their Mongol Ancestry as is nothing wrong in that! On the origin of Mongoloid component in the mitochondrial gene pool of Slavs Journal Russian Journal of Genetics Publisher: MAIK Nauka/Interperiodica distributed exclusively by Springer Science+Business Media LLC. ISSN: 1022-7954 (Print) 1608-3369 (Online) Issue: Volume 44, Number 3 / March, 2008 Category: Human Genetics DOI: 10.1007/s11177-008-3016-9 Pages: 344-349 Subject Collection: Biomedical and Life Sciences SpringerLink Date: Friday, April 04, 2008 http://www.springerlink.com/content/nt3lj1301228358r/ Genetists: B. A. Malyarchuk1 , M. A. Perkova1 and M. V. Derenko1 (1) Institute of Biological Problems of the North, Russian Academy of Sciences, Magadan, 685000, Russia Received: 21 December 2006 Published online: 4 April 2008 Abstract: The data on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) restriction polymorphism in Czech population (n = 279) are presented. It was demonstrated that in terms of their structure, mitochondrial gene pools of Czechs and other Slavic populations (Russians, Poles, Slovenians, and Bosnians) were practically indistinguishable. In Czechs, the frequency of eastern-Eurasian (Mongoloid) mtDNA lineages constituted 1.8%. The spread of eastern-Eurasian mtDNA lineages belonging to different ethnolinguistic groups in the populations of Europe was examined. Frequency variations of these DNA lineages in different Slavic groups was observed, with the range from 1.2 and 1.6% in Southern and Western Slavs (Serbs), respectively, to 1.3 to 5.2% in Eastern Slavs, the Russian population of Eastern Europe. The highest frequency of Mongoloid component was detected in the mitochondrial gene pools of Russian populations from the Russian North and the Northwestern region of Russia. This finding can be explained in terms of assimilation of northern-European Finno-Ugric populations during the formation of the Russian population of these regions. The origin of Mongoloid component in the gene pools of different groups of Slavs is discussed. Original Russian Text © B.A. Malyarchuk, M.A. Perkova, M.V. Derenko, 2008, published in Genetika, 2008, Vol. 44, No. 3, pp. 401–406. It is suggested that after the decay of Avar Khaganate the populations included into it were assimilated by Slavic tribes [34]. It is thereby suggested that rather high frequencies of eastern-Eurasian mtDNA lineages observed in the gene pools of some populations of Western and Southern Slavs (Serbs) (especially on the territoryof former Avar Khaganate) can be considered as a consequence of the process described. Reconstructing the phylogeny of African mitochondrial DNA lineages in Slavs Geneticists: Boris A Malyarchuk, Miroslava Derenko, Maria Perkova, Tomasz Grzybowski, Tomas Vanecek and Jan Lazur This study said that the "Mongoloid component in the mitochondrial gene pool of Slavs" constitutes only 1.2-1.6% of southern and western Slavs. That is hardly "high frequencies". http://www.nature.com/ejhg/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ejhg200870a.html 1. Genetics Laboratory, Institute of Biological Problems of the North, Far-East Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Magadan, Russia 2. Forensic Medicine Institute, Ludwik Rydygier Medical College, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland 3. Department of Pathology, Medical Faculty Hospital, Charles University, Pilsen, Czech Republic 4. Department of Laboratory Medicine, LABMED, Kosice, Slovakia Correspondence: Dr BA Malyarchuk, Genetics Laboratory, Institute of Biological Problems of the North, Far-East Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Portovaya street, 18, Magadan 685000, Russia. Tel: +7 4132 631164; Fax: +7 4132 634463; E-mail: malyarchuk@ibpn.ru Received 27 November 2007; Revised 7 February 2008; Accepted 28 February 2008; Published online 9 April 2008. Abstract: To elucidate the origin of African-specific mtDNA lineages, revealed previously in Slavonic populations (at frequency of about 0.4%), we completely sequenced eight African genomes belonging to haplogroups L1b, L2a, L3b, L3d and M1 gathered from Russians, Czechs, Slovaks and Poles. Results of phylogeographic analysis suggest that at least part of the African mtDNA lineages found in Slavs (such as L1b, L3b1, L3d) appears to be of West African origin, testifying to an opportunity of their occurrence as a result of migrations to Eastern Europe through Iberia. However, a prehistoric introgression of African mtDNA lineages into Eastern Europe (approximately 10 000 years ago) seems to be probable only for European-specific subclade L2a1a, defined by coding region mutations at positions 6722 and 12903 and detected in Czechs and Slovaks. Further studies of the nature of African admixture in gene pools of Europeans require the essential enlargement of databases of African complete mitochondrial genomes. Link: http://www.nature.com/ejhg/journal/vaop/ncurrent/fig_tab/ejhg200870ft.html Figure 1: Complete genome-based phylogenetic tree of African-specific haplogroups found in Slavonic gene pools. The tree is rooted in macrohaplogroup L. Numbers along links refer to substitutions scored relative to the rCRS.20 Transversions are further specified, recurrent mutations are underlined, 'd' denotes a deletion. Two additional complete sequences were taken from the literature29, 30 and designated by AO and AT, respectively, followed by '_' and the original sample code. Table 1. mtDNA control region sequences belonging to African-specific haplogroups detected in Slavs Abbreviation: HG, haplogroup; HVS, hypervariable segment. Nucleotide positions numbers refer to transitions scored relative to the revised Cambridge reference sequence (rCRS).20 Transversions are further specified, 'i' denotes an insertion of nucleotide. Unique mutations are shown in bold.
Skënderbeu ishte i gjatë 1.98 m.
Në një dokument venedikas, i vitit 1457, mësojmë se Skënderbeu ishte i gjatë 1.98 m. Petkat e luksit, dhuratë e zakonshme për princërit dhe fisnikët shqiptarë. Luigi Machiaveli, në mënyrë të prerë, në Codexin Latin, pohon se Gjergj Kastriot Skënderbeu ishte i gjatë 1.98 m. Machiaveli na njofton për një pikturë që kishte bërë ai vetë dhe për një stemë origjinale nga viti 1467.
Nga medaljoni i Zagrebit, për herë të parë, në mënyrë autentike, mund të vështrojmë tiparet fizike të fytyrës së Skënderbeut, ngase ai është punuar në vitin 1449, pra vetëm njëmbëdhjetë vjet më vonë, pas medaljonit të parë (nga viti 1438) që njihet në histori, të cilin e ka punuar Pisanello, me rastin e pjesëmarrjes së Gjon Paleologut VII, në koncilin e Ferrarës. Medaljoni ngjan shumë me monedhat, por ka funksion tjetër. Është punim artistik, me karakter përkujtimor ose jubilar.
ANISA PAPLEKA
Në historiografinë shqiptare, por edhe atë botërore,për shumë kohë kishte mbetur
e pazgjidhur shtatlartësia e trupit dhe dukja fizike e Skënderbeut.
Duke parë punime të ndryshme pikture, skulpture, gravura dhe gdhendje të shumta të autorëve të njohur, por edhe atyre anonimë, krijohet një ide, jo shumë e qartë, për zhvillimin fizik të Gjergj Kastriotit Skënderbeut. Edhe pse shumica e biografëve dhe autorëve që janë marrë me Skënderbeun bëjnë përshkrime të hollësishme, asnjëri nga ata, llogarisim këtu edhe Barletin dhe Dh. Frangun, nuk na kanë lënë të dhëna të sakta për gjatësinë dhe dukjen fizike të Skënderbeut.
Ky problem do të mund të zgjidhej lehtë sikur të ishte ruajtur varri i Skënderbeut në Katedralen e Shën Kollit në Lezhë; duke bërë vëzhgimin e skeletit ose duke aplikuar metodën e DNK-së. Për fat të keq, një gjë e tillë është e pamundur, ngase turqit, pas pushtimit të Krujës, hapën varrin e Heroit tonë Kombëtar dhe morën të gjitha gjërat që ishin aty, natyrisht edhe pjesët e skeletit, të cilat i mbanin si nuska të shenjta.
E vetmja shpresë mbetej që një ditë të zbulohej ndonjë dokument apo përshkrim i ndonjë bashkëkohaniku, për të përcaktuar gjatësinë dhe dukjen e saktë fizike të Skënderbeut.
Në arkivin e Venedikut fondi: Senatus de Maritimis provinciis et negotiis Deliberationes [Sen. Mar.] Registro VI, C., f. 26V-27V, (shih at Z. Valenitni, “Shejzat” XV/1971, nr. 1-3, f. 78, përkthyer edhe shqip nga Ë. Kamsi) shfrytëzuam një dokument që mban datën 8 korrik 1457, në të cilin bëhet fjalë për gjatësinë e Skënderbeut.
Dokumenti është i shkruar në gjuhën italiane dhe latine dhe përbëhet prej tri faqesh tekst. Është i dërguar nga kancelaria e Skënderbeut, përmes kancelarit [noterit]dhe njëherësh përfaqësuesit të tij diplomatik në Venedik, priftit Gjergj Pelini, abat në abacinë e Shën Mërisë së Ratacit, në afërsi të Tivarit.
Dokumenti në fjalë përbëhet nga nëntë kapituj të ndryshëm, dhe secili në vete përbën një tërësi të veçantë.
Në kapitullin e dytë është ky tekst:“Ad Secundum. Guarda per J panni Jquali me hano promesso de dar do veste alano, che me diano le Veste lequal son per mi, chomo hano dado ali altri signori, perche dixeno che me po esser de braza 16 de veste, deche signori guarde quanti brazi da panno me pono esser do veste, tanto me dadi, Mo signori, quello che piaxe ala vostra Signoria quelo farete de quello panno che bexognera per mi”.
(Përkthimi i lirë në gjuhën shqipe do të ishte:
“E dyta. Shikoni, në lidhje me cohën që më kanë premtuar, për dy petka në vit, që të më japin petka të përshtatshme për mua, si ju kanë dhënë zotërinjve të tjerë; pasi që, sipas pohimit të tyre, nuk më mjaftojnë 16 kutë, për dy palë petka; por, zotërinj, shikoni se sa kutë më nevojiten, për dy palë petka dhe aq më dërgoni; sidoqoftë, zotërinj, ajo që ju pëlqen, Zotërisë Suaj, atë gjë, do të bëni në lidhje me cohën, që është e nevojshme për mua”).
Ishte praktikë e kohës, që Senati Venedikas, qytetarëve të tij të nderit, ju dhuronte, veshje dhe cohë luksi, për petka solemne; ndër të tjerë edhe princave shqiptarë, ku bënte pjesë edhe Skënderbeu.
Senati Venedikas përgjigjej në këtë mënyrë: “Responsio. Et si capitulum sit clarum, et aperte loquatur, Jnclinati tamen ad ea que sibi grati sint, ordinabimus quod sibi dentur brachia 18 scarlatini secundum consuetudinem pro duabus vestibus pro Magnificentia sua prout in capitulo continetur”.
(Përkthimi i lirë në gjuhën shqipe do të ishte:
“Vendim. Që kapitulli të jetë i qartë, e të flasim hapur, me gjithë këtë, të nisur në atë rrugë, që të jetë e pranuar për Të, do të urdhërojmë që t’i jepen: 18 kutë skarlatini, sipas zakonit,
për dy palë petka, për Shkëlqesinë [Madhërinë, m.a.] e Tij, për sa vendoset në kapitull”.
Duke analizuar me vëmendje dokumentin nxjerrim përfundim se: princërve dhe bujarëve të tjerë shqiptarë, Senati Venedikas ju dhuronte nga 16 kutë cohë, për dy palë petka luksi, ndërsa Skënderbeut i dhuron 18 kutë, po për dy palë petka, ngase 8 kutë cohë nuk i mjaftonin për një palë petka, pra i duheshin 9 kutë cohë. Pas një llogaritjeje të thjeshtë nxjerrim përfundimin se Skënderbeu ishte më i lartë se princërit dhe fisnikët e tjerë shqiptarë. Duke pasur parasysh se 8 kutë cohë jepeshin për një fisnik, gjatësia e të cilit ishte deri në 1.75 m, atëherë, 9 kutë cohë, për Gjergj Kastriot Skënderbeun na japin gjatësinë prej 1.98 m. Është e njohur se 1 kut cohe venedikase kishte gjatësinë prej 0.793 m. Pra, derisa për një princ shqiptar duheshin mesatarisht 6.344 m cohë luksi, për Skënderbeun duheshin 7.137 m cohë luksi për një palë petka.
Petkat që ju dhuroheshin princërve dhe fisnikëve, ishin të gjëra dhe të gjata deri në fund të këmbëve, shkak ky, që princërit dhe fisnikët të dukeshin sa më hijerëndë.
Nuk na është e njohur që të jetë ruajtur ndonjë petkë origjinale e kohës. Ky është mëkat i vërtetë, pasi nga rreth 50 palë petka luksi që Skënderbeu kishte marrë dhuratë nga Venediku, do të ishin një raritet i mrekullueshëm. Disa elemente nga këto petka luksi na janë ruajtur në piktura dhe medaljone të Skënderbeut, të cilat mjaftojnë për të bërë një rikonstruktim komplet të një apo disa petkave luksi venedikase që i mbante Skënderbeu në raste solemne.
Këtu nuk janë llogaritur petkat e tjera, si dhuratë të marra nga: Napoli, Lisbona,Barcelona, Malta, Milano, Dubrovniku...etj.
Pos dokumentit të cekur më lartë,në Bibliotekën Apostolike të Vatikanit ruhet një kodeks Latin; URB. LAT. 512, ku autori: Luigi Machiaveli, ka punuar një pikturë dhe një stemë origjinale të Skënderbeut dhe ka lënë disa shënime për shtatlartësinë e Skënderbeut dhe dukjen e tij fizike. Në kodeks është shënuar viti i saktë i punimit të stemës dhe të një pikture, për të cilën ne nuk kemi njohuri se ekziston. Viti është 1467, pra vizita e fundit e Skënderbeut që i ka bërë Vatikanit. Machiaveli kur përshkruan Skënderbeun, pohon: “Është një burrë i shtyrë në moshë, me tipare shumë fisnike. Ka një mjekër të zbardhur, po të rregulluar me gusto.
Sytë i shkëlqejnë shumë dhe ka një hundëshqiponjë. Flokët e thinjura i ka të prera shkurt. Është veshur me petkë napolitane, mëndafshi. Gjatësia e tij është 1.98 m”. Ky shënim në mënyrë të prerë, për herë të parë, na jep shtatlartësinë e saktë të Skënderbeut.
Machiaveli pastaj ka punuar stemën, të cilën e kishte para vetes me rastin e kësaj vizite dhe e cila është autentike.
Poshtë stemës janë 4 rreshta tekst, të cilët lexohen: “Castrioti questj vene de Albania erano valentj homenj et f. il bon portamento de fece Schanderbecho in Albania el fo fare del Consegio del 1467, et delj suj ne sono al presente”.
Pos këtyre të dhënave për gjatësinë dhe dukjen fizike të Gjergj Kastriot Skënderbeut nga “Medaljoni i Zagrebit”, i vitit 1449, mund të vërejmë për herë të parë dukjen fizike autentike dhe besnike të Heroit tonë Kombëtar, kur ai nuk kishte më shumë se 50 vjeç.
Në Zagreb, në Muzeun Arkeologjik, në fondin e “Numizmatikës Mesjetare”, ruhet një medaljon i Skënderbeut, i panjohur deri tani. Ky medaljon është prej bronzi me dimensione 95 x 97 mm dhe peshon 169.96 gr. Autori është i panjohur, po kemi të dhëna të sakta se medaljoni është punuar në Venedik, në vitin 1449. Në dy dokumente gjejmë të dhëna për vitin e punimit të medaljonit, po jo edhe për autorin. Dokumentet janë të pabotuara dhe ruhen në fondin “Senato Mar. Bust. V”. Siç duket medaljoni është punuar me porosinë e një familjeje fisnike shqiptare që jetonte në Venedik.
Medaljoni ka formë të rrumbullakët,është i gdhendur dhe ka shënime vetëm në njërën anë, në avers, ndërsa në revers nuk ka ndonjë dekorim, shënim apo diçka të ngjashme. Në avers, Skënderbeu është në profil, i kthyer në të djathtë. Në kokë ka një kapele venedikase, të thyer në të dyja këndet, ndërsa veshur ka një pelerinë venedikase, nga ato që mbanin bujarët vendas, venedikas, me disa dekorime të bukura, që na bën të kuptojmë se autori e kishte parë Skënderbeun të gjallë e jo nga ndonjë përshkrim, me siguri gjatë qëndrimit të tij në Venedik. Mjekrën e ka të gjatë, por jo të zbardhur.
Në medaljonin e Zagrebit, Skënderbeu nuk është më i madh se 50 vjeç Është me rëndësi të ceket se Skënderbeu në këtë medaljon duket shumë i ri, gjë që e bën shumë më të vlefshëm dokumentin që ne kemi shfrytëzuar për të datuar medaljonin. Vijat e fytyrës tregojnë se nuk kishte më shumë se pesëdhjetë vjet. Hunda nuk ka pozicionin e një “Hundëshqiponje”, po është e drejtë.
Brenda shiritit anësor, në gjerësi prej 11 mm, është i gdhendur teksti:
GEORGIVS CASTRIOTT DE SCANDERBEG INVICTISS.
Ky tekst duhet të lexohet:
[ D / O M I N U S / ] G E O RG I U S CASTRIOTT[VS] DE SCANDERBEG INVICTISS[IMVS];
ndërsa i përthyer në gjuhën shqipe lexohet:
Gjergj Kastriot Skënderbeu [më] i pamposhturi.
Teksti fillon në anën e majtë, në nivelin e supit dhe mbaron në anën e djathtë, te cepi i jelekut, që dallohet nga pelerina. Për rrugën historike të këtij medaljoni, për fat të mirë ekzistojnë disa të dhëna. Në Zagreb, në fondin e numizmatikës mesjetare, kanë arritur në vitin 1912, pasi janë blerë për një shumë jashtëzakonisht të madhe parash, 251 kruna ose 10 dukatë floriri dhe një krune e argjendtë, në ankandin e Frankfurtit nga Josip Brunschmid, (1858-1929), në atë kohë drejtor i Muzeut Historik të Zagrebit. Në këtë ankand, ky medaljon i Skënderbeut kishte arritur çmimin më të lartë nga të gjitha eksponatat e tjera që shiteshin.
Rëndësia e veçantë historike e këtij medaljoni.
Medaljoni i Gjergj Kastriot Skënderbeut ka një rëndësi të shumëfishtë. Fakti se ai u punua derisa ishte gjallë Skënderbeu dhe pos kësaj dhe në një moshë mjaft të re, ka një peshë të veçantë, sepse autori (mjeshtri), e kishte parë me sytë e tij heroin shqiptar. Të dhënat i kishte të sakta, d.m.th. nuk bazoheshin në gojëdhëna, rrëfi me apo përshkrime të të tjerëve. Tiparet dhe karakteristikat që i gjejmë në këtë medaljon bëjnë shumë të qartë fytyrën e Skënderbeut, veshjen e tij dhe moshën, gjëra këto, që kanë qenë shumë pak të njohura deri më sot. Medaljoni i Zagrebit është shumë ekskluziv, pasi është punuar në vitin 1449, pra, vetëm njëmbëdhjetë vjet më vonë, pas medaljonit të parë (nga viti 1438) që njihet në histori, të cilin e ka
punuar Pisanello, me rastin e pjesëmarrjes së Gjon Paleologut VII, në koncilin e Ferrarës.
Fjala medaljon në gjuhë të ndryshme ka funksion të njëjtë, p.sh., në latinisht metallum, në italisht medaglio, në anglisht medal, në frëngjisht médaille, në gjermanisht Medaille, në kroatisht kolajna, etj. Medaljoni mund të jetë nga fl oriri (ari), argjendi, bronzi, plumbi dhe legura të tjera.
“Debatet për gjatësinë e njerëzve të shquar nisin gjithnjë atëherë kur nuk ka më dyshime për ekzistencën dhe origjinën e tyre. Edhe Heroi ynë Kombëtar, Gjergj Kastriot Skënderbeu, nuk i ka shpëtuar debateve, fi llimisht i mohohej ekzistenca, pastaj origjina, e pasi këto u bënë të ditura botërisht, u fillua të debatohej për gjatësinë e trupit. Duke qenë legjendë, ashtu si shumë princa të tjerë evropianë që luftuan kundër Perandorisë Otomane, shpesh figura e tij ishte zmadhuar, flitej se shpatën e tij nuk e mbanin dot 20 burra, kali i tij linte gjurmë të stërmëdha edhe në gurë etj. Ky zmadhim është tipik sidomos për periudhën mesjetare. Por në epokën moderne, njerëzit kërkojnë me të drejtë saktësimin e përmasave, por ka edhe prej atyre që përfi tojnë nga rasti dhe mezi presin ta shkurtojnë Gj. Skënderbeun” (A. Brahusha), duke shënuar në shkrimet apo studimet e tyre përmasa qesharake qoftë të trupit, qoftë të kokës, duke marrë si shembull përkrenaren që ruhet në Vjenë etj. Ndërsa e vërteta është krejt ndryshe.
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